How do old design techniques differs from the new technological ones Essay

How do old design techniques differs from the new technological ones - Essay Example Are these new methods better in quality as compared to the preceding old methods? This paper will aim at trying to answer the question concerning the quality of the old methods in design as compared to the current design methods, which have a computer-precise technological aspect. Although new technology such as CAD can deliver highly precise designs and measurements, older design methods and practices which could not depend on computer technology had some meaningful value worth preserving. One of the earliest design practices in general is a period of apprenticeship. This form of on-the-job training can be referred to as a system steeped in antiquity. For instance, the practice is mentioned in Hammurabi’s code of ancient Babylon written around 4,000 years ago: ‘A craftsman often adopted a son to learn the craft. He profited by the sons labour. If he failed to teach his son the craft, that son could prosecute him and get the contract annulled. This was a form of apprenticeship, and it is not clear that the apprentice had any filial relation’ (Horne, 1915) at this time in history. The greatest asset for a designer was the technical knowledge the apprentice could learn from his master. This method can be said of great quality as compared to the new technological design methods because the knowledge obtained in such methods of design were practical and provided contextual knowledge which is hard to get in a classroom. Compared to the ancient methods of apprenticeship instruction for great works such as the pyramids or ancient temples, design instruction practices moved away from this tradition and became largely theoretical, employing the practical element very limitedly. For instance, during the medieval period of the fifth to the fifteenth centuries AD, great cathedrals were designed throughout Western Europe by inexact measurements, probably the correlation between sets of dividers, one small, the other large. At this point in

Effective Presentations Essay Example for Free

Effective Presentations Essay Presentation is used to summarize, defend or even argue important ideas to an audience. Thus, the beginning of the presentation gains the attention of audiences and establishes its purpose. Selecting the context, designing the learning experience and producing efficient, effective and appealing presentation can be easy though it is the hardest part (Courses Surveys, 1977). To produce an appealing presentation, one should keep the design short and simple in order to produce effective design. The color should be used to emphasize a word or use a transition to disclose the answer to a question. The designer should evade the confusion. It is better off to have extra white space than having irrelevant piece of clipart that can be distracting. Fewer words should be chosen rather than more words and use closely cropped photographs than cluttered distance shot (Courses Surveys, 1977). The viewers should be kept focused and interested. This can be done by using key phrases and including only essential information. The word should be limited and simplified and avoid using of much bullets per slides. The presentation should be easy to follow by keeping the important information visible. The punctuation and font case should be considered. For instance, use of all caps makes the statements more difficult to read. The font size and type used should be simple and easy to read. Thus the designer should avoid using fancy and script fonts as they are hard to read on the screen. The font type and size should be visible to the audience and uniform throughout the presentation (Courses Surveys, 1977). Consequently, the background colors and that of the text should be contrasting. It is preferred to use dark text on a light background. Color should be toned down to make the light colors easy on the eyes. Patterned or textured backgrounds reduce readability of the text. The color scheme used should remain consistent throughout the presentation. In addition to that, when using a theme or template for a design, it should be appropriate to the audience. Therefore, a layout should be straightforward and clean if the design is aimed for business and if aimed the audience to be young children, it should be full of colors and variety of shapes (Courses Surveys, 1977). The number of slides should be limited to ensure that the presentation will not be too long and drawn out. This prevents the problem of continually changing the slides during the presentation which can be a distraction to the audience or viewers. For the presentation to be effective and more attracting there should be a combination of photos, charts, graphs and even embedded digitalized video with text to add variety and keep the presentation interested to the viewers. In addition, excessive use of animation and transition should be avoided. This is because the audience can be distracted by too much of the transitions and animation bearing in mind that slide shows is meant to be a visual aid but not a focus of the presentation. Also animation should be consistent in the presentation by using of animation schemes and the same transitions should be used throughout the presentation (Courses Surveys, 1977). Finally, the designer or rather the presenter should make sure that his/her presentation can run on any computers. This can be done by using PowerPoint’s package for CD or Pack and Go features when burning the presentation to CD. This will facilitate the presentation to be viewed by much audience. Summarily therefore, an effective and efficient presentation is usually planned, organized, and tailored to a specific audience to help facilitate the behavior change, desired by the presenter. Presentations always engage face-to-face communication and can be made on a one-to-one basis or can be given to a very large group (Courses Surveys, 1977). References Courses, E. Surveys, T. (1977) The Computer for the Professional: Effective Presentations Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® tutorial, Preparing Presentation Slides Tutorial, Presenting Effective Charts and Graphs Tutorial, and 8 Secrets to a Knockout Business Presentation, New York: Prentice Hall.

Religion and Politics Essay examples -- Papers Church State Separation

Religion and Politics Both liberals and conservatives have become quite adept at mixing religion and politics in our current society. One also continues to observe an ongoing practice of civil religion demonstrated by presidents and office-seekers on both the left and right. Generally, the leftist merger of religion and politics has received greater social acceptability because it has been cloaked in such rights' causes as civil rights, women's rights, or economic rights (the social distribution of wealth). The advocating of these rights issues have provided an appearance of transcending religion, keeping the left relatively free from criticism of any church and state overlap. Christian Conservatives, however, have found it more difficult to reasonably combine faith and politics because they have more overtly recognized that their political positions are grounded on faith assumptions. This has resulted in numerous attacks by both non-Christians and Christians alike against the conservative attempt to merge religion and politics. Three arguments have been used most frequently against the conservative mixture of religion and politics. In what follows each of these arguments is stated and then refuted. The first argument is that politics is too worldly. The essence of the argument is that politics is part of this world's system, and Christ clearly taught His followers to "love not the world," and to flee from worldly activities. There is a danger of becoming caught up in th... ...hermore, in the Bible there is much political activity by God's servants. The judges and kings ruled under God. The prophets and Moses were quite political. Daniel served in the civil governments of Babylon and Persia. Joseph governed in Egypt. The Apostles spoke of following God's rules rather than men's. In conclusion, to be obedient to Christ requires political activity. Jesus is quite clear about the need to overcome social injustices. If Christ tells us to confront the forces of evil, but society tells us not to, and even makes a law against bringing religion into politics, then who should we follow, the state or Christ? In the broadest sense, we are called to political activity because we are responsible to apply Christian principles and standards to all areas of our society, and politics is one of these areas.

Coaching & Leading Essay

One of the major findings of studies on creativity and is that creativity and inspiration are very much correlated with â€Å"intrinsic motivation†, for example, if a person is enjoying what he/she is doing, the person is likely to be highly inspired and creative that when such a person is working so as to attain something else. For instance McGuinness (2007) explains that, Anne Sexton a poet told her producer that though she would like to make lots of money through writing poems, she needs to â€Å"forget everything about money’ so as to really write the poems. Coaching has been known to facilitate intrinsic motivation and inspiration through asking questions and giving observational feedback in a manner that assists those being coached (coachees) to focus on the immediate task. Timothy Galway author of The Inner Game of Tennis: Random House said that, â€Å"it did not appear to matter if he praised or criticized his tennis players, since both of these has a negative impact on the game† (p, 32). Even a well intended praise resulted in the player loss concentration, because the player started judging him/her self and hope that their subsequent shot would be great as the past one. Thus, Gallwey (1997) stopped praising the players. Inspiration and creative flow At its highest, intrinsic inspiration and absorption in inspired work can result to creative flow, which is described by McGuinness (2007) as a nearly automatic, natural, yet greatly state of awareness. Creative flow in a person mind results in peak performance of that person. Coaching is attributed to creating this inspiration that results in creative flow. Individuality (enabling others) Creative individuals are notably idiosyncratic, to them; there is no ‘correct way’ or ‘best practice’ in inventive work. Coaching generally helps in advancing the individuality of a person and enabling him reach his/her peak performance and abilities though guidance and encouragement from the leader (McGuinness, 2007). This can also be done through balancing skills and challenges, the leader can match the task o be performed with the abilities of the employees, through coaching or training these employees can be assisted to overcome their weakness. Goal setting Goals are fundamental to coaching; it has asserted that without any goal, then the leader will not be coaching effectively. For any particular task or assignment, the leader should make sure that goals set are well understood by those involved, and the goals are well balanced between inspiring task and measurable achievement. Crane (2007) note that goal setting is able to inspire an employee. No worry in failing: Empowering Coaching operates on the presumption that it’s fine to make errors, as long as these errors serve as experiences and lessons to the person. Through providing correct feedbacks about the performance of a person and demanding that the person learns for his/her errors, the leader ensures makes sure that failures are reduced and become less repeated and less serious. Through creating a responsible but supportive atmosphere, the leader assist his/her people to spend little time being worried about failing and more time endeavouring for excellence. This Crane (2007) explains is the way coaching empowers employees. The affect and influence of diversity on coaching Pohlman and Gardiner (2000) explain that, business leaders and managers are also part of the wider society and have to deal with challenges brought by diversity in their organizations. Those leaders and managers that are well prepared to deal with these challenges and exploit advantages of diversity will probably be successful by being effectual coaches in a diverse organization. Discriminatory practices are common within the society and, sometimes, these practices emerge in the workplace which could cause critical challenges for leaders and managers. Unjust issues of discrimination usually stem from societal prejudices, stereotypes as well as propaganda. Rather, than carrying on societal prejudices and treating employees unjustly based on the stereotypes and propaganda, business leaders and managers can use leadership and coaching the responds to the diversity by focusing on performance of each group and developing them progressively on the basis of their level of willingness to assume new responsibilities. As Pohlman and Gardiner (2000) asserts diversity cam lead to disaster with advancement programs like coaching and mentoring, the advancement programs such as mentoring and coaching are all an element of work performance and lack of understanding of diversity‘s affect on these processes, including who is being coached and who is coaching him/her, can influence the performance of workers. The issue of diversity requires that coaches examine a person beliefs and values together with understanding the skills that are required to suitably deal with these beliefs and values. Parsloe and Wray (2000) assert that, diversity just like communication is a reality in modern organizations. It is real and permanent; therefore its acceptance is a prerequisite of life if a coach is operate effectively in a coaching situation. Diversity makes work place to be more lively, interesting and less boring. At the same time it makes the coaching experience to be more challenging and very unpredictable. As Parsloe and Wray (2000) observes, it is common for coaches to be become upset by individuals’ actions, attitudes and general behaviours in a diverse work teams and group environment in present day workforce. Some of those actions, attitudes and behaviours nay make the coach or the leader or even other workers uncomfortable since they challenge their strongly held beliefs and values, which have been cemented in their subconscious minds over many years. Since a lot of organizations attempt to improve their productivity as well as competencies against their rivals, one tendency is attempting to cultivate a learning culture in their businesses. In order to attain this attempt, the leaders’ role ought to be transformed to developmental coach or leader who focuses much more on supporting workers to learn and make improvement to their competencies and motivation. To be highly successful in managing a diverse workforce, leaders involved in coaching must lead through incorporating coaching models and effective communication. Leaders should not just be conscious of their leading styles and adapt properly to employees willingness but must be conscious of their won individual traits regarding communication with their employees, this will strongly influence and establish their style of coaching. In a diverse setting Parsloe and Wray (2000) explain that the there are four coaching styles that can be adapted by the leader: †¢ Senser: the leader focuses on action and getting directly to the point †¢ Intuitor: the leader coaches the diverse group by sharing ideas, theories and concepts, and through motivating and inspiring focusing on the future. †¢ Feeler: the leader provides support and attention to the group and talks about the past †¢ Thinker: here the leader stays focused on rules, facts information and stipulated processes The coach has to comprehend emotional intelligence and strive to increase the performance of diverse workforce through self-conscious and being ware of his/her coaching style when leading.

Tips on Saving a Dollar

Along with high gas prices, groceries are going up too. Delivery costs and fuel prices forces companies to charge higher prices to the consumer to cover costs. Utility bills are another issue. Utility companies increase rates and mostly in the summer and winter months when power is being used most. Saving money can always help, and these tips will teach a person the right way. Everyday gas prices seem to get higher and higher. Americans complain about these prices. Many tips on conserving fuel and saving money while doing It are everywhere.Just by filling up the gas tank on a Wednesday night or early Thursday none can save up to five dollars a week. Most station owners change their prices In anticipation of the weekend traffic. A simple but often overlooked tip is to keep the tires properly inflated and aligned. Driving slower and smarter can save up to twenty five cents a gallon. For every five miles per hour that some drives over sixty miles per hour it costs an additional twenty-f our cents a mile, so driving seventy miles per an hour will cast fifty more cents a gallon.Saving on groceries can help consumers more than they think. The coupling craze has swept the nation. Thousands of consumers are now using coupons. Serious coupon users can save hundreds in Just one visit. People who buy in bulk often save money because larger Items tend to have smaller unit prices over smaller sized products. Buying the generic brand, which Is usually twice the size of name brand and tastes Just as good can cut grocery bills In half. Try to avoid buying pre made lunches or food items will cost more than buying the ingredients to make the product ourselves. Utility company's rates keep climbing each year. Just turning a light out when walking out of the room can drop that utility bill drastically. Insuring that the house is strongly insulated in the attic and walls a will save a quarter of the bill. Control air conditioning at a happy medium; do not change the temperature more than twice a week, can save up to fifty dollars a month. Consumers can install low-flow shower heads to save on water usage. Most Americans need to change from incandescent eight bulbs to fluorescent light bulbs which last longer and use less power.Americans can save money to make the purchases they really want. Following these tips can save thousands each year. Saving on gas each year can keep $3,300 In your pocket. Avoid buying name brand foods; these name brands companies often manufacture the store brand at a cheaper price and can possibly save $1 , 100 a year. Can save up to $500 a year. Now that is an average saving of $4,900 a year, a well needed vacation is due after saving that much money!

Why Your Resume Isnt Working and How You Can Fix It

Why Your Resume Isnt Working and How You Can Fix It Your resume can lose you the job in a matter of seconds. All it takes is one glance at an outdated resume for a hiring manager to know you’re not right for the gig. To stay on top of resume trends, check out this article on resume tips 2016. Does your resume begin with an Objective paragraph? You know the usual: â€Å"Highly qualified and resourceful candidate seeking full-time job with excellent benefits?† That bland description of both you and the position you’re applying for would fit pretty much everyone on the market. Ditch it.If you’re applying for the job, the recruiter already knows that getting that job is your objective. Maybe it’s not your only objective, but for their purposes, they already know you’re interested. Why not use the space instead to brand yourself.How to  create your brandIt’s as easy as changing â€Å"This is what I want† to â€Å"This is what I have to offer you.† It’s a simple, but ef fective tactic at wowing them before you even make it to the interview stage.Take your elevator pitch and condense it further into 2-3 kick-ass sentences. Think of how you’d answer the â€Å"Tell us a little bit about yourself† question if you had time to sculpt that answer into the most dazzling and succinct nugget of description you possibly could.Things to focus onYour value- the ways in which you’ve succeeded and grown so far in your career.Your uniqueness- how you’re different from every other candidate in your field because of certain experiences and skills, and what makes you such a special snowflake. What drives you? What are you passionate about? Why are you likeable? The trick is to brand yourself as a hot commodity they’d be crazy not to fight to hire.You’ll have plenty of time in the body of your resume to deal with the nitty-gritty laundry list of your experiences and accomplishments. That will be the gravy. Focus on the idea of you as their employee. Don Draper yourself!Remember: if you can sell them at the very top of your resume, the rest of the process of landing the job will be a cinch.

To what extent was Macbeth the architect of his own downfall Essay Example

To what extent was Macbeth the architect of his own downfall Essay Example To what extent was Macbeth the architect of his own downfall Paper To what extent was Macbeth the architect of his own downfall Paper Essay Topic: Macbeth Trifles The play Macbeth attempts to communicate to readers that once someone begins to use violence in his or her quest for power, it is hard to halt them. It also seeks to show the corrupting and demoralizing effect of ambition on any person, regardless of their integrity. Macbeth, the main character, is the protectorate of everything good, and shows the qualities of a hero. However, during the course of the play, Macbeth changes drastically under the influence of power; power he has acquired through ambition and unjust murder. Macbeth goes to great lengths in order to maintain this status of power and finds himself killing and harming people without remorse to keep his status. However, none of this would have occurred if it hadnt been for the witches, the characters who are to blame for Macbeths downfall. The witches play a key part in the play and are the representation of evil in mankind. Although witches are mythical beings now, back when the play was written they were very real. These witches represent evil in the play as well and are the ones responsible for causing all of Macbeths and all subsequent problems. From the beginning of the play it is made clear that they gain nothing from harming Macbeth and only wish to bring harm to other people. For these reasons they are the characters with the most blame upon their shoulders. The witches set things in motion by giving Macbeth a set of prophecies, the most important one being All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. Here we find the source of all problems in the play. The witches had counted on Macbeths own ambition to push him into committing terrible acts with horrific consequence in order to make sure that prophecy would come and true, so that he would become king. At the same time, Banquo, a good friend of Macbeths who is present when the witches speak to him, is not fooled by the witches. Banquo recognizes from the very beginning that the witches mean no good and realizes that the instruments of darkness tell us truths; win us with honest trifles, to betrays in deepest consequence. What this means is that the witches are not to be trusted. They may have told Macbeth some truth but in the end they mean him harm. Act 4, Scene 1 supports this argument. Macbeth wishes to speak to the witches a second time in order to receive a second set of predictions. The predictions he receives are made out to deceive him and take advantage of the fact that he yearns for power. One very important prediction, the second one, given by the witches is, Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. It would appear that this prediction can only mean good because, at first glance, it looks as if no one born of a woman can harm Macbeth. However Banquo is proven right later on when Macbeth realizes the witches were speaking to him in paradoxs in order to confuse him, having him misinterpret key prophecies. Macbeth states be these juggling fiends no more believd that palter with us in a double sense, that keep the word of promise to our ear and break it to our hope. In this line Macbeth realizes that the witches have betrayed him. They made it appear to him that he was invincible, unable to be killed by any man born of a woman. Yet they failed to tell him that a man born of Cesarean birth, like Macduff, could still kill him. This is the reason behind his death. He had trusted the witches to speak the truth, yet their paradoxical predictions, which were meant to create a sense of ambition and total power, caused him to underestimate the enemy and eventually led to his downfall. Although it is possible to throw the blame onto somebody else, such as Lady Macbeth, who persuades Macbeth into committing the initial murder, it is undisputable that without the witches none of the events would have occurred. Even Macbeth cannot be held accountable for his actions because the witches took advantage of him. They relied on mans ambition and his strive for power, all they had to do is give him the initial nudge. For this reason they decided to present Macbeth with these predictions, in order to raise his hopes. Macbeth was manipulated by the witches and therefore everything resulting from his speaking to them (all of the murders and Macbeths own downfall) are the witches fault, which is why all other arguments are rendered invalid and the witches are entirely to blame.

How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic

How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic The vote was almost a side issue. When Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, reformed the tribal system of Rome, giving the vote to men who had not been members of the three original tribes, he increased the number of tribes and assigned people to them on the basis of geographic location rather than kinship ties. There were at least two main reasons for the extension of the suffrage, to increase the tax body and to add to the rolls of young men suitable for the military. Over the next couple of centuries, more tribes were added until there were 35 tribes in 241 B.C. The number of tribes remained stable and so new citizens were assigned to one of the 35 no matter where they lived. So much is pretty clear. Details are not so sure. For instance, we dont know whether Servius Tullius established any of the rural tribes or just the four urban ones. The importance of the tribes was lost when citizenship was extended to all free people in A.D. 212 by the terms of Constitutio Antoniniana. Posting Issues Roman assemblies were called to vote after notice of issues had been publicized. A magistrate published an edict in front of a contio (a public gathering) and then the issue was posted on a tablet in white paint, according to the University of Georgias Edward E. Best. Did Majority Rule? Romans voted in a couple of different groupings: by a tribe and by centuria (century). Each group, tribe or centuria had one vote. This vote was decided by majority vote of the constituents of said group (tribe or tribe or centuria), so within the group, each members vote counted as much as anyone elses, but not all groups were equally important. Candidates, who were voted on together even when there were multiple positions to fill, were counted as elected if they received the vote of one-half of the voting groups plus one, so if there were 35 tribes, the candidate won when he had received the support of 18 tribes. Polling Place Saepta (or ovile) is the word for the voting space. In the late Republic, it was an open wooden pen with probably 35 roped-off sections. It had been on the Campus Martius. The number of divisions is thought to have corresponded with the number of tribes. It was in the general area that both tribal groups and comitia centuriata held elections. At the end of the Republic, a marble structure replaced the wooden one. The Saepta would have held about 70,000 citizens, according to Edward E. Best. The Campus Martius was the field dedicated to the war god, and lay outside the sacred border or Pomoerium of Rome, as Classicist Jyri Vaahtera points out, which is significant because, in early years, Romans may have attended the assembly in arms, which didnt belong in the city. Voting was also held in the forum. Centuriate Voting Assembly The centuriae may also have been started by the 6th king or he might have inherited and augmented them. The Servian centuriae included about 170 centuriae of foot soldiers (infantry or pedites), 12 or 18 of equestrians, and a couple of others. How much wealth a family had determined which census class and therefore centuria its men fit in. The wealthiest infantry class had close to a majority of the centuriae and were also allowed to vote early, just after the cavalry whose first position in the metaphorical voting line (may have) earned them the label praerogativae. (It is from this use that we get the English word prerogative.) (Hall says that later after the system was reformed, the first [selected by lot] centuria to vote had the title of centuria praerogativa.) Should the vote of the wealthiest (infantry) first class and that of the cavalry be unanimous, there was no reason to go to the second class for their vote. The vote was by centuria in one of the assemblies, the comitia centuriata. Lily Ross Taylor thinks the members of a given centuria were from a variety of tribes. This process changed over time but is thought to have been the way the vote worked when the Servian Reforms were instituted. Tribal Voting Assembly In tribal elections, the voting order was decided by sortition, but there was an order of the tribes. We dont know exactly how it worked. Only one tribe might have been chosen by lot. There might have been a regular order for the tribes that the winner of the lottery was allowed to jump over. However it worked, the first tribe was known as principium. When a majority had been reached, the voting probably stopped, so if 18 tribes were unanimous, there was no reason for the remaining 17 to vote, and they didnt. The tribes voted per tabellam by ballot by 139 B.C., according to Ursula Hall. Voting in the Senate In the Senate, voting was visible and peer-pressure-driven: people voted by clustering around the speaker they supported. Roman Government in the Roman Republic The assemblies provided the democratic component of the mixed form of Roman government. There were also monarchic and aristocratic/oligarchic components. During the period of kings and the Imperial period, the monarchic element was dominant and visible in the personage of the king or emperor, but during the Republic, the monarchic element was elected annually and split in two. This split monarchy was the consulship whose power was deliberately curtailed. The Senate provided the aristocratic element. References The Centuriate Assembly before and after the Reform, by Lily Ross Taylor; The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (1957), pp. 337-354.Literacy and Roman Voting, by Edward E. Best; Historia 1974, pp. 428-438.The Origin of Latin suffrÄ gium, by Jyri Vaahtera; Glotta71. Bd., 1./2. H. (1993), pp. 66-80.Voting Procedure in Roman Assemblies, by Ursula Hall; Historia (Jul. 1964), pp. 267-306

Developing a Balanced Scorecard Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Developing a Balanced Scorecard - Term Paper Example r creating a balanced scorecard and how the scorecard would enable me to evaluate progress, assess the impact of my proposed change, and determine if the costs are justifiable in terms of the outcomes. A balanced scorecard, as defined by Balanced Scorecard Institute (2013, para.1), is "A strategic planning and management system that is used to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals". Further explication by Dr. Carol Huston in this weeks media denotes a balanced scorecard as a tool that can be used in nursing to help establish how assessment and appraisal of accomplishments or achievements will be conducted (Laureate Education, 2013a). Based on these definitions, my first step will be to assess the mission and vision of the my organization in order to identify an unmet need. The second step will be to consider whether the needs of the customers have been met in relation to quality and safety of care. After identification of an unmet need and assessment of customers needs, the next step will be to formulate and outline objectives for proposed change. This will involve identifying strategies and action plans to achieve the proposed change. This will be followed by identifying how performance will be measured. In regards to the elements of a balanced scorecard, data to measure performance will correlate to fiscal, stakeholders, business practices, and learning and growth measures (Laureate Education, 2013a). Fiscal data will be gathered primarily from annual financial reports. To measure performance in relation to customers needs, direct interviews will be conducted whereby patients will be asked to describe their level of satisfaction with services provided. Secondly, patients will be asked to fill questionnaires detailing whether their needs have been met. Data relating to business practices and growth will be gathered through

Effectivess of Foreign Aid as a Form of Multinational Financial Essay

Effectivess of Foreign Aid as a Form of Multinational Financial Assistanse - Essay Example This paper presents comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the financial aid as a form of foreign assistance to the economy of a recipient country. As a condition for aid money, many donors apply conditions that tie the recipient to purchase products only from that donor. In a way this might seem fair and â€Å"balanced†, because the donor gets something out of the relationship as well, but on the other hand, for the poorer country, it can mean precious resources are used buying more expensive options, which could otherwise have been used in other situations. A country from the third world that feels difficulties with its budget may turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank or one of the Major Developed Countries (MDCs) for assistance. Since such assistance is usually given on some condition, it involves agreement to modify domestic economic policy.In this case creditor country (or organization) restricts free trade with protectionism in which barriers to imports (tariffs and quotas) are established in order to protect their industries from foreign competition. Government regulations also protect the environment, agriculture and workers of the donor country or organization. It was reported, that 71.6% of American bilateral aid commitments were tied to the purchase of goods and services from the US.† That is, where the US did give aid, it was most often tied to foreign policy objectives that would help the US. The origins of the foreign aid policies of the industrialized democracies are complex and varied. ... In the Reality of Aid 2000 (Earthscan Publications, 2000 cited in Shah 2006) reported in their US section that "71.6% of its bilateral aid commitments were tied to the purchase of goods and services from the US." That is, where the US did give aid, it was most often tied to foreign policy objectives that would help the US. Leading up to the UN Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico in March 2002, the Bush administration promised a nearly $10 billion fund over three years followed by a permanent increase of $5 billion a year thereafter. The EU also offered some $5 billion increase over a similar time period. History of Foreign Aid Countries of Latin America The Worlds debt crisis of the early 1980's was the culmination of a build up of external debt of developing countries, a large part of which was accounted by a progressively rising short-term debt. The debt of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) was triggered largely by demands from the balance of payments effects of the oil crisis that started in 1973/74. The debt build up became more apparent towards 1980 when third world borrowers resorted to rolling over their debts. (Stambuli 2002) A combination of very tight internal fiscal position and increasingly fragile balance of payments, most developing countries contracted new loans to liquidate maturing loans. In some cases, entirely new loans were contracted to service interest only. At the same time bankers in the western world ignored signals of an imminent debt crisis and remained more than willing to refinance maturing loans of developing countries, but with shorter maturities. In this process, third

Small Business Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Small Business Success - Essay Example are believed to be driving forces to the success of small businesses and what business starters ought to do to increase likelihood of their businesses success. Most successful small businesses takes adequate time to set goals that give them clarity on the direction to take and how they need to carry out their activities in order to succeed. They are driven by their goals and objective despite the challenges encountered along the way such as stiff competition and lack of adequate finance (Bider and Johannesson 2005, p.627). Success can therefore be elusive especially if a small enterprise does not have a clear goal. Successful enterprises always provide room for alternative process and ideas if the initial one fails to deliver desired results. This ensures that activities are carried on as usual after occurrence of setbacks because alternative solutions complement the initial approach (Olivo 2001, p.45). For example, when workers in a small business resist changes, management can decide to bargain with them until they reach at a neutral position on how to embrace the new changes. They can also decide to abandon introducing new changes especially if they are likely to adversely affect workers morale which, possibly could results to poor performance. Setbacks are almost common in a business set up and they may require skilful approach to handle them. A business should acknowledge challenges and formulate various policies to help bouncing back to the initial position before occurrence of a certain challenge. A firm with determination on what it expects to achieve will always bounce back to the right track even after suffering huge losses because their aim is to hit their target. This is a very important trait among small businesses as it ensures that a business handle their own issues without much ado. The ability of making independent decision puts a business at a higher competitive notch since they do not have to consult others thus enhancing quick decision

Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions Essay

Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions - Essay Example The author of the essay "Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions" believes that religion is an impactful force in the lives of many individuals, it undoubtedly impacts medical decisions. Health issues such as life, death, abortion, chemotherapy, etc have attracted religious arguments. At most instances, medical decisions are taken in accordance with the religious beliefs in order to avoid moral clashes. However, at many places, religion and medical decisions have conflicted to culminate in inhibited health care. The case of Adam Lovell is an example of when his parents let their religious convictions to risk the life of their two and a half year old son (Novotny, Perkin, and Orr). At the end of the essay the author comes to a conclusion. He sums up that medical decisions are impacted by various factors many of which are influenced by religion and spirituality. Also, the religious orientation and inclination of patients and their families are central factors that dominate the level of religiosity impacting medical decisions. The notion that religious individuals tend to go for life extending treatments is not generally true as willingness varies from person to person. Also, for serious illnesses and diseases such as cancer, the health care professionals may not consider religion as a priority for decision making as opposed to life saving scenarios that involve a greater focus on clinical recommendations than religion. That said, religion still dominates medical decisions as many patients are more religiously inclined.

Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism Essay

Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism - Essay Example This is also meaning that they are Calvinist in the sense that a strong doctrine of heaven and hell are advocated. It is possible that Jesus would strongly identify with Protestantism, in point of fact, because Jesus was a community advocate. His followers became a church that was based in the hearts of people, which emphasize community, and togetherness. Jesus would also probably propagate the independence of groups with Christ-like principles, where, like in early Christianity, "[c]ells were formed by those who met together regularly to discuss the kingdom of God."1 Additionally, Christ talked about the Kingdom of Heaven often and, though not as much, the ultimate destination of hell for those who disregarded God and his laws. Martin Luther would probably have been a similar advocate for Protestantism, as it did not have relics of any kind associated with it. Also, the concept of images being considered a form of idolatry in Protestantism would probably also have appealed to Martin Luther. Martin Luther would have appreciated the emphasis placed on sermons. Jesus would have appreciated Roman Catholicism for the elaborate and detailed nature of the faith, which encapsulates nearly everything about it: its theology, its doctrines, and its churches.

Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions Essay

Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions - Essay Example The author of the essay "Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions" believes that religion is an impactful force in the lives of many individuals, it undoubtedly impacts medical decisions. Health issues such as life, death, abortion, chemotherapy, etc have attracted religious arguments. At most instances, medical decisions are taken in accordance with the religious beliefs in order to avoid moral clashes. However, at many places, religion and medical decisions have conflicted to culminate in inhibited health care. The case of Adam Lovell is an example of when his parents let their religious convictions to risk the life of their two and a half year old son (Novotny, Perkin, and Orr). At the end of the essay the author comes to a conclusion. He sums up that medical decisions are impacted by various factors many of which are influenced by religion and spirituality. Also, the religious orientation and inclination of patients and their families are central factors that dominate the level of religiosity impacting medical decisions. The notion that religious individuals tend to go for life extending treatments is not generally true as willingness varies from person to person. Also, for serious illnesses and diseases such as cancer, the health care professionals may not consider religion as a priority for decision making as opposed to life saving scenarios that involve a greater focus on clinical recommendations than religion. That said, religion still dominates medical decisions as many patients are more religiously inclined.

Gold Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Gold - Research Paper Example Gold is a dense element having a shiny, soft and malleable surface. Its chemical symbol is Au which comes from a Latin word Aurum. It has an atomic number of 79. Gold is among the non-reactive metal, thus, it many functional uses in manufacturing industries and natural environments. It has rust resistance i.e. does not react with oxygen. It is a good conductor of electricity being able to convey a very tiny electrical current in temperature ranging from -550 to +2000. 1 This metal is among the most ductile metals, thus, it allows to be molded into very small threads or wires without breaking. Furthermore, gold is malleable. This makes it possible to be shaped into extraordinary thin sheets. It is known to be the least absorptive material, but most reflective of infrared energy. Gold with a high purity has the capability of reflecting 99 percent of infrared rays. Also, gold is among the best heat conductors or thermal energy. This makes it to be used to transfer heat away from very de licate instruments, like electronics. Gold alloys, being the most tenacious and long performing material that is used to guard electronics against high temperatures produced by them. It occurs in its compound and also in native state (It’s Free State). 2 Gold is not combined with any other element in nature. Telluride (a compound of element Tellurium) is the most common compounds of gold. For example, gold telluride (AuTe 2) is mostly composed of mineral calavarite. Also, gold is found in Nuggets and chunks large enough to see. 3 This enables people to mine gold by picking and collecting it from the rivers and streams. Gold estimation abundance in the earth crust is around 0.005 Parts per Million. 3 This makes a very small fraction as compared to Iron and other metals. Many people believe that, about 70 million tons of gold are found in oceans. This has led to many ocean

Homeostatic Mechanism Essay Example for Free

Homeostatic Mechanism Essay Homeostatic mechanisms are essential for a body to maintain a stable condition. The word homeostasis describes the body’s ability to maintain its healthy state, while the world around it is changing constantly. There are many steps in the process of homeostasis. First, there is the stimulus that causes the change. Then the receptor detects the change. The information of the imbalance is then sent to the control center, which decides the response. The information entering into the control center is called the afferent pathway. During the efferent pathway, the information is sent out from the control center to the effector. The effector provides the means for the control center’s response, returning the body back to normal. An example of a homeostatic mechanism working is someone exercising, or running. This is known as the stimulus in the homeostatic mechanism. Consequently, the person is now breathing faster, their body temperature is rising, and their heart rate is increasing. By breathing faster, more carbon dioxide is entering into the body. This causes the pH level of the blood to decrease, making it more acidic. HHHhhhhdkjfkldsdjf The receptor detects this change and sends the information out to the control center. The control center then tells the cells to get rid of the carbonic acid in the blood. This causes the person to breathe even faster, prompting more oxygen into the body, getting rid of the carbonic acid. When the person stops running, the heart rate starts to return to the resting heart rate. The pH level of the blood also increases back to normal, which is about 7.35 pH. A homeostatic mechanism is basically a test of a person’s responsiveness. Without any homeostatic mechanism, the body would fill up with carbon dioxide and could pass out and die. A homeostatic mechanism in a body is necessary to maintain a stable condition.

The cinema of shane meadows

The cinema of shane meadows Over the last ten years Shane Meadows has helped to create a realistic portrayal of Working classed Britain. Director of films such as; Twenty four seven, A Room for Romeo Brass, Dead mans Shoes and This is England, Shane Meadows has helped to bring and to create social realist films for a new generation. His films stand side by side with more mainstream titles such as Brassed off, The Full Monty and Billy Elliot, each helping to bring the working classes and the social issues which they have faced to the forefront of National British cinema. What this essay intends to do is to explore Shane Meadows work as a director of British films, looking directly at how the past reflects the aesthetics and conventions within his films, how his cinema embodies the spirit of working classed identity and the social issues that are touched upon within his work and also why Meadows has become a popular film maker in contemporary Britain. The essay will look at three of Meadows films in particular; TwentyFourSeven, A Room for Romeo Brass and This is England, and will analyse the relationship that each film has with one another and why he has constructed an autobiographical take upon each of these films. Shane Meadows born in 1972 in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, grew up within a working classed community. Meadows teenaged years were in a time which saw great political change for many people in the 1980s, with the working classes seeing only negative outcome to a new British government. Industrial areas, most notably within the North of England, saw the threat of unemployment around every corner and the very essence of working classed life was destroyed by Thatchers government, in her quest for a post industrial, classless society. Meadows experiences as a youth and the political and social changes that took place within the 1980s have been established throughout Meadows works. I think my 1980s is a richer time to draw on than any other.† Meadows has said when questioned on the reasons why his own childhood experiences are prominently featured in many of his films. As a British Realist film maker, Shane Meadows has distinctly borrowed from recognisable techniques and traditions from movements of the past. His notable influences are in the New wave cinema of film makers such as Karl Reisz, Lindsay Anderson and Tony Richardson from the 1960s and Mike Leigh and Ken Loach who have contributed to socio-realist cinema throughout the 1980s up until present day. What this has meant for Meadows is that his films are able to create a recognisable identity for a nation that people can be able to associate with. By creating a bond to the cinema of New wave and Realist cinema, Meadows is able to critique our nation through the use of a popular and recognisable aesthetic which is associated with many British dramas. The British New Wave cinema was the first step into creating a realist aesthetic in British narrative films. Through the inspiration of Documentary and the Italian neo-realist films that had come before, its film makers such as Karl Reisz and Lindsay Anderson were able to create a cinema which focused upon the intent of bringing social issues to the screen through realistic interpretations. Before they contributed to narrative cinema, Anderson and Reisz focused their talents upon Documentary, in which they created a movement, known at the time as the Free Cinema movement. Their approach was opposed to the traditional expository mode which British documentary film maker John Grierson produced within his production company; GPO pictures. Griersons documentaries sought to tackle the social problems of the working class misrepresented in British cinema, by siding with them. The voice of god narration and selective viewpoint was avoided within the Free Cinema movement, providing a poetic approach that stripped their documentaries of voice-overs and the right wing political stand point of the Grierson styled documentary, became left wing, criticising the British political system by focusing on the real working class, although, from a distance. I want to make people ordinary people, not just top people feel their dignity and their importance.† Lindsay Anderson said of his commitment to presenting the working class within his works. Although Griersons approach was highly criticised by the filmmakers of the free cinema movement, it was from Grierson himself who said that documentary was The Creative treatment of actuality.† This broadly used term could simply be interpreted as the way the film maker is able to create a display of artistic elements, from the construction of real people with real problems in real settings. Implicit in the Free cinema formulation were two related conceptions of freedom: on the one hand, a freedom from commercial constraint and, on the other, a freedom to give vent to a personal or unusual, point of view of vision.† The importance of the realist aesthetic within the Free cinema documentaries and the New wave narrative film was to make it clear that the artist was at the centre of the work. This did not necessarily mean that he was involved within the film itself, but the style of the film, ideologies and messages were that the film maker was trying to get across. The other importance was the ability to create the feeling of something new, to transform the real from Meer observation but to create a poetry which was able to work upon more than one level, and it was through the representation of a group of outsiders (the working class) that the film makers were able to do this. Films such as The Loneliness of the Long distance runner, A taste of Honey, A Sporting Life and Saturday Night, Sunday Morning, shifted the emphasis from middle class idealistic families, to a focus upon the youth living and working within industrial cities, situated in the Northern areas of England. The late 1950s/early 1960s became the first time since the Second World War that workers started to benefit from decent salaries and some, an almost disposable income. The youth in particular were able to separate themselves from their work lives and the authority figures that held a grasp over them, enabling them to spend their wages on the consummation of the latest in fashionable products. This is also true of New Wave films, which focused less on the importance of work within the lives of the characters but on their leisurely activities. The decline in the working class traditions and the rise of the working classed youth became notable. They were becoming defined not by what they produce but of what they consume and this was an indicator of the times. When looking at Saturday night Sunday morning by Karl Reisz, the main protagonist, Arthur Seaton (Albert Finney) may work within the confines of a factory, but when his working is shown, it is briefly and only to underline the important images or to support the leisurely aspect of his life. E.G. when he is finishing work. By wasting his money upon a sex, drugs and almost rock and roll lifestyle he is separating himself from the authority figures that keep him in his place during his working hours. Its not a unity of a working class that can be seen within this film or many of the New wave films of the 1960s, it is very much about issues of one person in particular, in the case of Saturday night, Sunday Morning, it is Arthur. Writer John Hill stated that Despite the ostensive commitment to represent the working class, the British New Wave, through their adoption of conventional narrativity and realism, tend to have the opposing effect, that is, the creation of an accentuated individualism.† The emphasis on the individual in this working class aesthetic of the New wave films may come down to the absence of work as a dominant presence. Instead it seems that the importance of working class life, as a youth, is separating themselves from the authority figures and dominant forces of work and instead making leisure and the way in which the characters separate themselves from work in their free time. In Meadows work, there is a felt presence of the New wave films throughout his work The focus upon just one main protagonist and their personal struggle rather than the united struggle of the working class is that it is extremely difficult to represent political problems within narrative film, without a need to create a bond to the personal effects that the political has upon the working class within realist cinema. But what exactly did the filmmakers do to try and create a believable and purposeful reality, and at once avoid the idealistic and theatrical approach that the Traditional Hollywood films employed? The main focus of reality in these New Wave films is by Meadows first feature film TwentyFourSeven was released in 1997. A resurgence in British Realism lead to a shift in focus for many of the films released within the 1990s. Whereas the films of the New Wave in the 60s, focused upon the employed youths personal struggle with working classed life and the hedonistic, anti-establishment attitude they portrayed in their leisurely pursuits and the 80s saw reactions against the Thatchers governments destruction of traditional working classed values and perceptions, the 90s took upon a different perspective, with Britain very much a post industrial nation, class now determined not what they made and who they were as a unified work force, but instead was now determined by what they consumed. This perspective now shifted upon the youth of today, from pre pubescent Children to teenagers growing up on rough, poverty stricken council estates. Unemployment has left the youth in the same position and status. Samantha Lay stated that Dramas focus more tightly on family relationships and partnerships. Poverty, unemployment and social exclusion are not the driving forces of their narratives, but are merely signalled as contributory factors to family strife, so that it is the working class family that has failed, not the state or capitalist society.† British Realist films focus upon the effect that politics have had upon the class system, specifically the working class whos inevitable decline since the 1950s has lead to an alienation of masculine identity and the emphasis as class as a unification. Meadows films are about the alienation of family life and the journey of finding a place to really belong. The perspective of a child or in the case of Twenty Four Seven; Young Adults, gives Meadow a chance to see the Working Class from a different perspective. What Meadows films do which many mainstream British films do not do is to question the stereotypical view of the average British person, by keeping to a low budget, Meadows keeps the focus upon the identities within his own regional upbringing. Unemployment plays a big role within the films of the British realist aesthetic that were made within the 1980s up until our contemporary time. Children and the youth are not affected in the same in which the adults are but their perspective is of the upmost importance. The period aspect to this is England, Twenty Four Seven and A Room for Romeo Brass gives you an aspect of political change. Within the 90s and the 2000s working class focused films created a way of escaping from the reality of the situation. Characters were able to find success from the economic situations that have dragged them down, most notably through entertainment. This can be seen within films such as Billy Elliot, Brassed off, The Full Monty and to an extent Trainspotting. Each of these films proved popular to the British movie going audience and tried showing how the working class could develop and escape from the working class life that had been dragging them down. Meadows approach, although not entirely pessimistic is about the positive which comes out of the negative situations, or the defeat of people. Unstable protagonists at the start of each three films, struggle with the uneven situations that their parents are entangled within, often dragging the children down with them. It is this alienation from family life which causes distress and change from these characters. Their questionable actions often ending in violence leads to the chance meetings in which potential father figures, genuinely interested in the emotional and physical state of the these characters help the characters from emotional unrest. In This is England, Shauns violent playground fight is caused from the mention of his Dads death. His walk home from school leads to the meeting of a Skinhead gang, most notably Woody who notes Shauns unhappy presence. His happy go lucky attitude and genuine care for Shaun makes him feel wanted in a place where hes alienated not only from family life but from being part of a sub culture which will accept him for who he is, which is evident from the mocking attitude of some of Woodys friends who are not as caring as Woodys father attitude to the situation is. In A Room for Romeo Brass, the fight between Romeo and the two boys leads to the rescue from Morell who is alerted from nearby. Again, the importance of chance turns a violent hateful act, into one with positive outcomes, in which children/teenagers are brought into the world of the adult. The Subculture is what draws the children into an adults world. Leisure drives them from the woes of family life and from the authority figures which are bringing them down. The masculine father figures within Meadows films help to refocus the output of the violence of the youth that they have taken under their wing. The troubled teenagers caught in violent episodes, find new ways in which to focus their negative energies. This frustration for life in post industrial estates, in which domestic problems of parents causes great angst often leads to violence. By refocusing these ill thoughts and actions through healthy attitudes, the Father figure is able to guide the youth away from everything that is holding them back. Woodys optimistic and peaceful father figure for fatherless tearaway Shaun in This is England, enables his alienation from a social perspective to be reinstated into a group in which he belongs. The anger and frustration of these Skinhead youths does not lead to the targeting of people, but of decrepit, rundown buildings on council estates.

Personal Narrative- High School and Church Youth Group Essay -- Person

Personal Narrative- High School and Church Youth Group The most distinguishing and memorable moment of my life was entering high school for the first time. I feel that the event of starting high school was the starting point of what kind of person I was going to become. Not only did I start going to a new kind of school, but I started attending the high school youth group at my church. I also had the privilege to start working on my first car. Without this experience, I feel that I would not be where I am right now. This memorable moment started with my transition to the high school youth group at church. Moving up to the high school group at my church was exciting yet frightening. Fortunately, I was welcomed with great joy and fellowship. I got involved in the activities very quickly. I made many friends, which gave me an incentive to actually go to church. I went on two mission trips before starting school. This helped me to see God work through me and through my youth group. Within our youth group, we had a youth choir called Deliverance. Because of my involvement in that ...

Impact of British Colonization on Kenya

History Russell McGillivray Kenya The British colonization of Kenya destroyed the culture and economy of the native people, but it established a democratic government and left Kenya a more modernized country. [1] During the 1880’s through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. At this time Africa was a wholly unmodernized continent. The reason the Europeans went after Africa was the introduction of the idea of social Darwinism and the â€Å"white man’s burden†. Social Darwinism is the belief that only the strongest and the most cunning can make it to the top of the social ladder, and it was the White Man’s Burden to step in for these undeveloped countries and lead the Africans for them. So the European powers set out taking all of Africa piece by piece until the start of WWI. After this period there were only 4 African countries left independent, compared to a modern day 50 countries. [2] Britain was one of the most powerful countries at this time and took tons of land all over the world for trading and exports. 3] Kenya is a country founded on over 70 different cultural groups,[4]and each one has their own language and cultural traditions. When the British came into Kenya, they knew very little to none of the culture of the Native Kenyan people. [5] This of course led to numerous problems between the two peoples. One of the biggest problems created was how much land the British took. The Massai people lived in the rift valley, and w ere a nomadic tribe. When the British came in, they figured that the land that the Massai weren’t living in, wasn’t being used and took it for themselves. 6] Because of this, the Massai could no longer live their nomadic lifestyle and were forced to move to the cities, primarily Nairobi. [7] This overpopulated the city and led to mass homelessness and unemployment,[8] and therefore these people could no longer pay the British taxes. The British took advantage of this and employed these people to work on streets and railroads. [9] As the British took more land, more natives were forced to move to the city. So the British began to employ these people to work on their farms. Due to all these changes, the economic state of the country changed from one where everyone had a home and job in their own tribe and enjoyed fairly good standards of living, to one driven by foreign consumerism and trade. [10] These economic disruptions were not the only result of the settler’s lack of knowledge of the Kenyan People they had a profound Social effect as well. [11] When the British first came they were afraid of two things of the Kenyans. [12] Firstly they thought that the Kenyan people were savage and, without supervision and control, would resort to fighting over the slightest problem. 13] They also feared that the Kenyan people may unite against the British and repel them form the country. [14] To prevent either of those from happening, they established â€Å"Tribal Boundaries†. These boundaries separated each tribe into their own separate province or district, which was easier to manage and watch over. These boundaries had a more dramatic effect that the British could know. [15] Before the British came the economy was mostly agricultural, with a few tribes taking jobs as merchants allowing trade between the tribes. 16] With these Boundaries in place, no Kenyan was allowed to cross any border without accompaniment of a white man. [17] This prevented most, if not all, of the normal economy the native Kenyans had. Without the other tribes to trade with, the individual tribes had to become more self sufficient and focus more on having enough food to survive, than worrying about the British. [18] People that couldn’t get any land, or failed at farming had to work on British civil works project, and on their plantations and in their mines. Despite all the negative impacts that the British colonization had, there were undoubtedly some benefits Kenya gained. There are some obvious ones, such as improved transportation via streets and railroads, and established trade routes with other countries. Other than those though, there were some major contributions made that still effect the country today. One such contribution was the Lyttleton Multiracial Constitution,[19] which was imposed after the Mau Mau crisis, as a way to appease the kikuyu rebels. This constitution was the first step on the way to establishing a better relationship between the natives and the settlers. [20] This constitution, created by the British, established a council, made up of legislators elected by all the people of Kenya, which would make decisions on the future of the country. This was established because the numerous cultural groups of Kenya had trouble agreeing on decisions for the country, as each tribe wanted changes to better their own tribe. The British established this to help the native Kenyan people, instead of taking advantage of them. This went a long way toward bettering the relationship between the two peoples. 6 years later the Macleod Constitution was established. This created an African majority in the council that gave the Kenyan’s more power over the Settlers. It also gave each tribe a share of the power in the council, much like the state representatives we have in our congress; each tribe had a different share of the power based on size. The tribes with more people had more representatives in the council, and therefore more power. With these two constitutions, the Kenyan people were well on their way to becoming an independent nation. 21] Even after all the work the Europeans had done to try to establish an orderly government in Kenya, only 4 years after it was established a Tyrant took over and dominated the country up until we know it today. After Kenyatta died, Daniel Arap Moi took his place as president. At this time the constitution was weak and at its most basic level. Moi took advantage of t his as established himself as ruler for life of Kenya. [22] There were multiple attempts both at his life, and his positions as president, but none were ever successful. Only in 2002 did his reign end, with the election of Mwai Kabaki. Mwai improved the country a great deal in all areas of life. [23] He established trade routes with other countries, and welcomed foreign investment. By 2004 he had raised over $1 billion (American dollars). Unfortunately, the amount of money invested in Kenya has gone down as more countries begin to invest more into Uganda and Tanzania. [24] Today, Mwai Kabasi still rules as president of Kenya. 20† Mau Mau Uprising Creats Havoc in Kenya, October 20, 1952. † 2003 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. Bibliography: †¢ â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/History/ †¢ â€Å"Kenya. †Ã‚  Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 12th ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/History/ †¢ â€Å"Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya, October 20, 1952. †Ã‚  DISCovering World History. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/History/ †¢ Page, E. Melvin. â€Å"Kenya (British East Africa Protectorate). † In Colonialism: an international, Social, Cultrual, and Political Encyclopedia, vol 1, 312-313. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2003 †¢ Berman, Bruce. Control & Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Dominion. London: Villes Publication, 1990 †¢ Elkis, Caroline. Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 2005 ———————– 1] â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [2] Mau Mau Uprising Creats Havoc in Kenya, October 20, 1952. † 2003 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [3] Ibid [4] â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚   Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [5] â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [6]Ibid 7]Ibid [8] â€Å"Kenya. † Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2007 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [9] Mau Mau Uprising Creats Havoc in Kenya, October 20, 1952. † 2003 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [10] Ibid [11] â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [12]â€Å" Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [13] Ibid [14] â€Å"Kenya. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2007 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Grou p. [15]â€Å" Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [16] Mau Mau Uprising Creats Havoc in Kenya, October 20, 1952. † 2003 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [17] â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [18]â€Å" Kenya. † Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 007 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [19] Mau Mau Uprising Creats Havoc in Kenya, October 20, 1952. † 2003 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [20] [21] â€Å"Kenya. † Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2007 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [22] â€Å"Kenya: Peoples and Cultures. †Ã‚  Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, 1997 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [23] â€Å"Kenya. † Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2007 in History Resource Center, database on-line, Gale Group. [24] Ibid

Economic Boom of the 1920s Essay

Only those who know little or nothing about economics and the very naive did not know in the year 1925 that economic hard times follow good times as economic booms and slumps are cyclical. Still, there were various reasons why even seasoned economists may have speculated that economic prosperity of the 1920s would continue forevermore. Machinery, manufacturing plants and â€Å"the process of standardized mass production† were the main reasons for the excitement of the 1920s (Schultz and Tischler). In fact, the economy of the United States continued to grow until 1929. The First World War had encouraged industry to expand. Labor shortages coupled with the need to increase production had stimulated the development of efficient modes of production. Taylorism or scientific management to streamline processes of production in order to increase production capacity had been introduced around the country. With new machinery and management tools, worker productivity was raised. This rise in productivity increased wages, thereby increasing consumption. Americans were also encouraged to use credit to fuel consumption at the time. The installment plan was an innovation of the 1920s. What is more, the government supported businesses by raising tariffs on foreign goods, reducing personal income tax and corporate tax, repealing taxes on profits, and looking into unfair trade practices as a means to encourage businesses to expand (Schultz and Tischler). The consumer psychology in 1925 was another reason why many may have reasoned that economic slumps are a thing of the past. Americans had the radio at the time, in addition to a growing motion picture industry to keep their mindsets positive. They also had electric appliances at home and a growing automobile industry making them believe their lives had changed forevermore in a positive direction (Schultz and Tischler). Then again, all those who know about the economic boom bust cycle were aware in 1925 that a slump is sure to follow a boom. Works Cited Schultz, Stanley K. , and William P. Tischler. â€Å"Civil War to the Present. † American History 102. 1999. 1 Mar 2009.

A Brief History of Unctad Essay

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization’s goals are to â€Å"maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to into the world economy on an equitable basis.† (from official website). The creation of the conference was based on concerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-national corporations, and great disparity between developed nations and developing nations. In the 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 in order to provide a forum where the developing countries could discuss the problems relating to their economic development. UNCTAD grew from the view that existing institutions like GATT (now replaced by the World Trade Organization, WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank were not properly organized to handle the particular problems of developing countries. The primary objective of the UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The Conference ordinarily meets once in four years. The first conference took place in Geneva in 1964, second in New Delhi in 1968, the third in Santiago in 1972, fourth in Nairobi in 1976, the fifth in Manila in 1979, the sixth in Belgrade in 1983, the seventh in Geneva in 1987, the eighth in Cartagena in 1992 and the ninth at Johannesburg (South Africa)in 1996. The Conference has its permanent secretariat in Geneva. One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD, that in order to promote exports of manufactured goods from developing countries, it would be necessary to offer special tariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countries formulated the GSP Scheme under which manufacturers’ exports and some agricultural goods from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive advantage. Currently, UNCTAD has 194 member States and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff members and an bi-annual (2010–2011) regular budget of $138 million in core budget expenditures and $72 million in extra-budgetary technical assistance funds. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.] There is a list of non-governmental organizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD A Brief History of UNCTAD Page Image Image CaptionPage ContentFoundation * In the early 1960s, growing concerns about the place of developing countries in international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and identifying appropriate international actions. * The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was held in Geneva in 1964. Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the need to address them, the conference was institutionalized to meet every four years, with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support. * Simultaneously, the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice their concerns. (Today, the G77 has 131 members.) * The prominent Argentinian economist Raà ºl Prebisch, who had headed the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, became the organization’s first Secretary-General. Phase 1: The 1960s and 1970s * In its early decades of operation, UNCTAD gained authoritative standing: * as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries, including debates on the â€Å"New International Economic Order†. * for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues. * Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include * | * * the Generalized System of Preferences (1968), whereby developed economies grant improved market access to exports from developing countries. * a number of International Commodities Agreements, which aimed at stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries. * the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences, which strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national merchant fleets. * the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices. This work later evolved into what is today known as â€Å"Trade and Competition Policies†.

POL 200 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

POL 200 - Assignment Example he American democratic system is backed by several features such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, transparency of government through media coverage, and open hearings and town hall meetings. However, in the practical implementation, there is a lack of political participation which can be judged through three ways; voting, lobbying, and review. Voting participation in elections is one of the main features of a participatory democracy and in America; only about half of the people exercise their duty of voting. Secondly, lobbying means participating in the decision making of the government, sharing ideas, and views etc. But there are professional lobbyists working in this regard and special interest groups that influence the individual agendas. Thirdly, electoral review is the accountability of the representatives to their constituencies but most of the representatives are ignorant to these preferences and the population is ill equipped to exercise their duty of review. Kim Irish-Bramble wrote the detailed structure and reality of the American democracy which included the theory and practical implications. The article was concluded with the actual democratic system in America which is still wanting. There have been certain attempts made to export democracy in order to improve the political problems but this isn’t the way. The best way to sort out the current political problems is to participate under the features of the democracy and carry out the democratic system efficiently and honestly. In democracies, often there have been conflicts between the national securities of the people with their individual rights. Many groups have started fearing that such measures are eroding the democratic society. One example of such conflict is wartime measures. At the time of war, there are several restrictions that need to be imposed on the civil liberties which are considered to be infringing the individual rights. There are restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom

Industrial hygiene Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial hygiene - Case Study Example c among many others, an industrial hygienist therefore ensures the safety of the employees at a place of work by ensuring that the risks presented by the above hazards do not materialize at the place of work. The goal of industrial hygiene is to prevent both industrial diseases and industrial accidents both of which incapacitate the employees thereby causing immense inconveniences in their productivity. In doing this, industrial hygienists use a number of scientific techniques including exposure assessment, risk management, and industrial safety among others. The profession employs rigorous and stringent methodologies that often require professional judgments based on both experience and education in its determination of the potential exposures to hazardous environments. In doing this, the professionals implement safe procedures, systems and methods of completing tasks in a company. I. A professional hygienist conducts effective health programs in a governmental organizational or an industrial plant with the view to recognizing, eliminating and controlling the occupational hazards and diseases. The hazards may arise from either the working environment or the nature of the work. As such, the professional collects various samples including vapors, dusts and gases among other materials that may possess a level of toxicity for in-depth analysis in laboratories. After the scientific analyses, the professional makes recommendations depending on the level of the risks that the materials present to the employees thus making the place of work safer for the employees. II. A professional hygienist investigates the sufficiency of the exhaust equipment installed in a company, lighting and ventilation among other features that may risk the health of the employees. In measuring the efficiency of such facilities, the professional considers the number of the employees in the organizations and determines the ability of the resources to safeguard the health of the employees. This

World-system on the hierarchy of China and Hong Kong Essay

World-system on the hierarchy of China and Hong Kong - Essay Example First, a theoretical framework for the concept of the world system has been constructed using current literature. Second, the political and economic history of China and HK has been examined. Finally, the development of China and HK since the 1980s will be compared. World-systems theory is a set of nested and overlapping interaction networks which focuses on understanding the development of multicultural territory labour division across core and periphery regions (Chase-duun, 1993, 1995; Wallerstein 1974, 2000). Wallerstein (1974) defines the world-system as a multicultural territorial division of labour, and defines two types: core and periphery. These are defined by the nature of their industries: core regions are characterized by capital-intensive, well-developed tertiary industries and periphery regions by labour-intensive primary and secondary industries. The specific claims of world-system theory can be separated into system structure and system dynamics. System structure defines the characteristics and relationships of the system components, with reference to core, periphery and semi-peripheral regions1. System dynamics concerns the processes of the upward or downward mobility within the structure (Shannon, 1996). When Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government's priority was the forcible redistribution of property (Kenneth, 1992). Marrin (1993) and other critics describe the first few decades after the creation of the Republic as being full of chaos, famine and class struggles. The Korean War induced the United States and United Nations to enforce a series of embargo punishments on China. Furthermore, the Soviet Union withdrew loans and technicians in 1960 due to a downturn in their relationship. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution (1958-1976) not only paralyzed internal production and economic activities, but also separated China from the world-system economy (Marrin, 1993). Because China rigidly controlled international investments and trade, Hong Kong became the only port where China could buy foreign currency and items that were not obtainable locally (Miners, 1991). Hong Kong (pre-1980s) Hong Kong became a British colony at the end of the Opium War in 1842. Although its governor was appointed by Britain, colonial government did not promote any ideology to enhance its political legitimacy. Hong Kong has often been described as a free society (So & Kwitko, 1990). Colonial government adopted a "positive non-intervention" policy towards the economy while maintaining a competitive business environment to attract foreign investment, and pursued export-led industrialization in the early 1950s (Haddon-Cave, 1995). After China's political upheaval in1949, an influx of over sixty thousand refugees to HK (Hambro, 1955) brought substantial capital and labour resources, which were used to set up manufacturing factories. The embargoes imposed on Chinese trade in the 1950s helped subsidize the HK economy, with HK acting as a buffer zone between western countries and the Chinese market.

Why is the discovery of the Royal Tomb of Tutankhamen important to Essay

Why is the discovery of the Royal Tomb of Tutankhamen important to Archaeologists - Essay Example He was the first to discover materials that led to the tomb’s discovery. The first clue he had was from a royal funeral object referred to as cache that were fro Tell el Amarna. They were brought to Thebes in order to escape destruction. These materials were hidden in a safe tomb that was done by King Tutankhamun himself. This cache is believed to have been stored by tomb robbers who expected to come back for the treasure sometime later. Furniture that was used by Tutankhamun was also found among these treasures (Malek, 2010). Another clue that Davis found helpful was found in 1907 inside a small pit. It provided significant information that contained impressions of Tutankhamun and other materials such as natron, broken pottery and linen bags. Davis took the initiative of taking these items to New York for further examination (Magi & Tenti, 2006). There was also a discovery by Theodore that comprised of a faience cup bearing the name of King Tut. Beside this cup, there were fragments of gold foil with Tutankhamun and his wife inlaid upon it. After a period, an Egyptologist by the name Howard Carter found these items to be interesting for more studies about the Tutankhamun tomb. He believed that these items were enough proof that King Tutankhamun’s tomb was inside the Valley of the Kings. More than five thousand objects were discovered in the tomb that revealed a lot on the ancient life of Egyptians. There were weapons, chariots, clothes, treasured lock and musical instruments. In addition, there wa s the golden burial mask that belonged to Tutankhamun. Carter died after just seven years since his excavation ended in 1939 before he had summarized on his findings. He had no partners who could have continued his work (Malek, 2010). The Tutankhamun tomb lies in an area that where royal burials did not take place in the Valley center hence it was buried beneath the Valley of the Kings surface quickly at Luxor, which was regarded

Report of a company from the air - freight sector Essay

Report of a company from the air - freight sector - Essay Example This is done to understand how organizations will perform in their near futures and the steps that can be taken in order to improve. Thus, the report suggests that despite the decline in the organization’s revenue due to the fall in their volume, they still have high potential to perform well in the future. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Business environment 4 PEST Analysis 4 Political 4 Economic 5 Social 6 Technology 6 Porter’s Five Forces 6 Rivalry within the industry 7 Bargaining power of the customers 7 Bargaining power of the suppliers 8 Threat of new entrant 8 Threat of Substitute 8 Assessment of DHL 8 Assets of DHL 8 Strengths and Weaknesses 9 Customers Segmentation 10 Conclusion 11 Reference List 12 Introduction Today the performance of an organization is not only dependent on the internal factors within the organization, but also on the external factors that continuously affect the internal operations. In this context, DHL has been considered in this rep ort, on which the analysis will be conducted and recommendations will be made regarding the performance of their business. DHL is a segment of Deutsche Post DHL, a logistic company based in Germany that provides international express mail service. Deutsche Post is the world leading logistic company with major international presence. They are the global market leader in air and sea mail. The organization was originally founded in the year 1969 to distribute documents between Honolulu and San Francisco; however, the organization managed to expand their services throughout the world. Inter-continental and offshore deliveries were the main interest of the organization. The organization served many other countries, not served by any other air-freight organizations, such as, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Iran, Iraq, Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union (Zetes, n.d.). In order to conduct the performance analysis of the organization along with PEST analysis, Porter’s five forces, SWOT analys is as well as segmentation and targeting strategy of the organization, based on which the business performance will be discussed. Business environment PEST Analysis Political Air freight or air cargo is regulated by the policies established in the year 1994 in the Chicago Conference. When the policy was established, the air cargo industry was in its infancy and the agreements were mainly related to the limitation on foreign ownership and airline destination. These regulations were seen to affect the carrier operations such as, restriction towards the ground handling services and diversification of the ancillary functions related to air cargo. These restrictions had limited the ways of conducting business. In order to keep pace with the economic expansion and global trade, both the international and national regulatory frameworks related to air cargo were made more liberal. For instance, in US, the deregulation in air cargo not only liberalised the licensing of the carriers, but also opened domestic routes to encourage full competition. The common aviation area of Europe was decided, which allowed the carriers to operate in European Union. These reforms had considerable impact in the air cargo industry by open up skies, providing them additional trading and access opportunities. However, the liberalisation was taking place at a slower pace for South East Asia. In 2002, Memorandum of

The Essence of Love Essay Example for Free

The Essence of Love Essay The essence of love is an eternally controversial topic, the opinions of which vary from person to person. Some dont have sufficient faith in pure-love, on the contrary, others are firmly convinced that love is unconditional. From my perspective, love is as immaculate as snow that people yearn for, however to some extent, the material factor is supposed to be emphasized beyond reproach. What should be reached an absolute consensus is that genuine love cant depend on how much money he or she possesses, as the reason why you love him or her is relevant to nothing but the feeling when you get together. Your life can be perfect if you grow old with whom you love. When love comes to you, you can fly like an angel, living where full of brilliantly-colored and fragrant flowers. Nevertheless, coming back to earth, if you dont have money, how can your life be sustained? No one can deny that there is a common phenomenon in terms of love that many people divorce or lovers break up just due to economic reasons, like a tragedy. In the course of going in for eternal love, you may be in a dilemma that how to figure out the tricky and perplexing question which is more significant, the true love or the money? However, as a matter of fact, money is the base of our life, as correspond to love. What if you marry a person who is not your cup of tea?

Understanding the various World Climate Types

Understanding the various World Climate Types Scientists used the word â€Å"Climate† to describe the precipitation and temperature of an area for a long period of time. They have defined the factors that have a great effect on temperature. These factors include latitude, wind, elevation, as well as the effect of the nearby ocean currents. The scientists pointed out that the factors which contribute primarily to precipitation are the prevailing winds and mountain ranges. As for the earths major climate zone, the scientists have divided the earth into three main regions: polar, temperature and tropical zone. In this study, we will discuss all that matters in details in addition to other matters which are related to the climate. (Ruddiman, et.al; (2005) 1- Factors affecting climate 1.1 Elevation: it is clear that the higher you go, the colder it gets. When oxygen becomes less in the air, it affects vegetation. The oxygen exists in the rain shadow of mountains leads to relief rain ( in the matter of fact the monsoons occurred when air goes up to passes over the Himalayas, carrying a lot of water. When it goes up, it cools and so cant carry the water, therefore it rains). 1.2 Latitude, location: the further you are from the equator, the colder it is. This because the sun rays coming on the earth are less and, therefore, they have less warming effect because the angle of the planet becomes near water resulting in altering the high specific heat capacity comparing to land. This means that water has the ability to absorb a lot of energy without showing a very big change in the temperature. The reverse is also true. Therefore the islands and areas which are surrounded by water have fewer variations in the temperature degree over the course of the year (including day and night, than continental places. (William F. Ruddiman (2005) 1.3 Wind: in the matter of fact, wind leads to reducing the ability of a place to support life. This because it removes away all the soil as well as what is needed to start life. At the coast, for example ,life only begins on the strand line because that keeps providing a little shelter against the wind , therefore the plants become capable to grow and they, in turn, lead to trapping the debris to become a bigger wind shelter etc. however, without the wind shelter, it would have just blown away. 1.4 Oceans: the oceans have a great effect on the climate. The Indian Ocean, for example, represents a signature of climate change over the past years. It has showed the temperatures the climate near Australia. By measuring and analyzing the climate, it is clear that there are changes in features of the ocean that cannot be explained by natural variability. These changes on the ocean climate are almost related to changes in the heat structure of the atmosphere and this affected the temperature of water by raising it in the Indian Ocean of around two degrees Celsius. There are many other factors such as atmosphere (thickness, composition), shape of land, ozone, and natural disaster such volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc. 2.0 Earths major climate zone 1. Polar o It is a known fact that the polar climate zone goes from North and South Poles to 60 degrees latitude. The annually average temperatures stand below freezing, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. There are some famous polar zones which include Alaskas and Canadas northern coasts as well as the southernmost tip of South America, in which the snow melts during the warmest periods of the year. Many areas have layers of ice or glaciers. They get up to 10 inches of precipitation yearly, this, in turn; result in making the area very dry. 2.2 Temperate o It is a known fact that the temperate zone is situated between the arctic or Polar Regions and the tropics, ranging from nearly 23.5 degrees to 66.5 degrees latitude, north and south of the equator. The areas which are very far from the equator may have snow during the winter season. The rains fall throughout the year closer to the equator. Yearly, the average temperatures range from 41 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Inland deserts are also included in temperate zone includes, such as the Gobi Desert in Central Asia and the Great Sandy Desert in Australia. (Edwards, et.al; (2001) 2.3 Tropical Zones o Tropical zones, in the matter of fact, tend to cover the area ranging from the Tropic of Capricorn, situated at 23.5 degrees south latitude, up to the Tropic of Cancer, situated at 23.5 degrees north latitude. The Tropical zones include high temperatures as well as humidity levels. Throughout the year, the temperature degree remains above 64 Fahrenheit. Throughout the day, temperature degree sometimes exceeds 95 Fahrenheit. It is known that the tropical climates have sub-tropical zones including rainforests, semi-arid zones and savannas. These climates have high levels of humidity as a result of the air convection and vertical uplift. Climate Changes In the matter of fact, the climate changes all over the world. Actually, we have new changes in the climate throughout the world. No one, all over the world, can deny this fact. Those changes may have a great effect on life throughout the world in general and on the Arabic area in particular. In fact, the problem of climate change has a relationship with the problems of the water or rivers resources and human health; therefore, these changes may have a negative effect on the economy of various countries throughout the world. Rising of temperature may lead to the destruction of many beaches; the matter may result in causing harm to the animals in the oceans. World Climate Type The Kà ¶ppen Climate Classification System is the system which is used throughout the world to classify the various types of climates in the world. The categories of this system are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature as well as precipitation. The Kà ¶ppen system has identintified five major types of climate , each one of these types is distinguished by a capital letter. A Tropical Moist Climates: it a known fact that this type of climate has average temperatures exceeding 18 ° Celsius all months. B Dry Climates: it is well known that this type of climate has deficient precipitation nearly throughout the year. C Moist Mid-latitude Climates: this type of has Mild Winters. D Moist Mid-Latitude Climates: this type of climate has Cold Winters. E Polar Climates: this kind of climate has extremely cold winters and summers (Ruddiman, et.al; (2005) There are also 8 biomes. It is known that they represent the tropical forest, dessert, temperate grassland, savannah, temperate forest, coniferous (pine) forest, chaparral and tundra. There are some people who may count High Mountain and arctic as two extra biomes, however they theyre not really biomes because they dont have almost n plant life, How the oceans influence the climate It is a well known fact that the oceans have a great influence on the climate over long as well as short time-scales. On the longest time-scale of geologic time, the location and shape of the continents leads to specify the oceans circulation patterns. As continental plates drift at nearly 5 cm per year and mountain ranges rise by nearly 1 mm, it takes usually many years for new land formations in order to change the oceans. In the matter of fact, the patterns of ocean circulation can also change rapidly, leading to climate fluctuations and variations on a human time-scale. Records of regional, in particular, and global, in general, climate indicates periods continuing from years to centuries during which the climate was systematically different from earlier and later periods. Most of the scientists believe that this behavior has a relationship with the changes in the way that the oceans store and transport heat, though the precise causes of these changes are not always clear. (D. Q in, et.al; 2007) The scientists assured that there is a strong link between the oceans and the atmosphere indicating that they together form the most dynamic component of the climate system. The temperature and circulation patterns of the atmosphere-ocean system can be altered as a result of changes in external factors such the distribution of various plant species, the suns energy or the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Atmosphere and oceans can also generate internal fluctuations because they are turbulent. The currents and temperature of the underlying ocean can also be directly influenced by the short-term changes and fluctuations in wind or temperature (namely, weather), meanwhile oceanic fluctuations can diminish, magnify, or modify the atmospheric fluctuations. The scientists assured that the oceans play an important role in storing carbon and heat. The change in temperature becomes greater and faster over the land than the over the oceans especially when the earths surface cools or is heated by the sun. The ocean spread the effects of the temperature change for great distances through vertical mixing and convective movements because it is a fluid. On the contrary, the solid land cannot, therefore the suns heat penetrates only the thin, upper crust. The oceans ability to absorb more heat resulted in that when an area of ocean becomes cooler or warmer than usual, it takes much longer for that area to revert to normal than it would for a land area. This clarifies the reason that makes maritime climates tend to be less extreme than continental ones, with smaller day-night and winter-summer differences. The powerful currents lead to moving the oceans waters constantly. The currents of the surface are largely wind-driven, though the presence of continents, the rotation of the earth, as well as the oceans internal dynamics have a great influence. The density differences produced by cooling and heating as well as by and evaporation and precipitation lead to driving the deep-ocean flow. The behavior of the atmosphere actually has great effects on these density differences. Clouds, for example, can lead to cooling the sea by preventing the warming rays coming from the sun or reducing the surface salinity by bringing rain. The wind can also have a great influence on the evaporation rates by blowing more weakly or more strongly. By transporting heat, these currents have a great influence on the climate. The horizontal currents, especially the currents moving north or south, can carry cooled or warmed or water as far as many thousand kilometers. After that, the displaced water can cool or warm the air as well as the land over which this air passes. Water from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, for example, moves north through the Atlantic in a current with is well known as the Gulf Stream. There it passes the shores of Western Europe, resulting in producing the climate which is mild for that latitude. Scientists asserted that the currents which are involved in deep-water formation are very important for climate. Surface cooling, in winter, makes water become denser. (As the fresh-water which is cooled begins to expand at temperatures less than 4 C, salt-water continues to compress all the way down to its freezing point of -2 C.) .In the areas where the evaporation becomes more than precipitation, the resulting rise in salinity leads increasing density. Convective overturning occurs as well as the dense surface water mixes downwards especially when the surface water becomes denser than the underlying water. In some places this downward mixing can extend all the way to the bottom, even in deep oceans. Therefore, the dense, deep water which is formed spreads throughout the ocean. When the downward mixing occurs at high latitudes, as a result, it leads to creating a circulation pattern where the warm water from tropical and subtropical regions moves pole ward, surrenders heat to the a tmosphere, sinks, cools and flows back towards the equator. This in turn resulted in transporting the heat pole ward. Now it becomes clear that a small change in just one aspect of the oceans behavior can result in producing major climate variations over very bi areas of the earth. The cold-water formation areas represent good example of this possibly wide-spread phenomenon. Although the scientists asserted that there is an urgent need for conducting more researches, the oceanographers agreed that, as for the whole area north of 30 N latitude, the oceans pole ward transport of heat is equivalent to nearly 15 watts per square meter of the earths surface (W/m2). This actually can be compared with about 200 W/m2 from direct sunshine, and nearly 6 W/m2 for what climate change models predict will happen if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide doubles. Ocean core records, recent observations, and many results denoted that North Atlantic deep-water formation as well as its ocean heat flow changes and fluctuate substantially over time-scales ranging from years up to millennia. Effect of climate change on oceans In the matter of fact, the climate change and variation may have a great effect on the oceans throughout the world. Actually, from the south Arctic with its diminishing sea ice to the new low-lying beach areas in England to the Great Barrier Reef, the temperature of the planet raised more than the last century. The sea level is continuously rising. The CO2 gas levels are constantly increasing. The planets and animals are appearing in some areas and disappearing from others. As for the climate variation and change, the oceans represent a wonderful source of indicators. The climate change, in general, has a great effect on these oceans are affected. The Climate change has also a great effect on the ocean animals such as the sea turtles, polar bears, penguins, right whales, lobsters, seals, and cod. The beach sea fish are also involved; therefore it is too important to work on ways that may lead to reducing the negative impacts that the climate has by supporting the research, creating pristine marine protected sanctuaries and promoting sustainable seafood. (Hansen, et.al: (2000). Conclusion Finally, we can safely say that climate play an important role in our world. In this study, we have tried to cover some of the main sides of the climate in the world. First, we touched upon one of the main sides of the climate in the world, namely, the factors that have a great effect on the climate explaining how these factors affect the climate greatly. Then we moved to another important point, that is, the earths major climate zone explaining how the scientists have divided the earth into three major regions: polar, temperature and tropical zone. We didnt stop at this point, but we continue to shed the light on the world climate type, the oceans influence on the climate and the effect of climate change on oceans to end our study with the effect of the climate change on the Indian Ocean.